Eiffel Tower

   Eiffel Tower

Eiffel Tower – Paris, France

Eiffel Tower

Why is the Eiffel Tower so attractive?

1.     Constructed in 1889, the Eiffel Tower is one of the most famous structures in the world. 

2.     It’s named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel and it was built as the entrance arch for the World Expo of 1889. 

3.     The tower is 324 meters high, approximately as an 81 story building. Today, the tower attracts millions of visitors every year.

View of Tower

Why is the Eiffel Tower famous?

• The Eiffel Tower, La Tour Eiffel in French, was the main exhibit of the Paris Exposition — or World's Fair — of 1889. 
• It was constructed to commemorate the centennial of the French Revolution and to demonstrate France's industrial prowess to the world.

The Design of the Eiffel Tower:

Plan of Eiffel Tower

1) The plan to build a tower 300 meters high was conceived as part of preparations for the World's Fair of 1889.

2) The wager was to "study the possibility of erecting an iron tower on the Champ-de-Mars with a square base, 125 meters across and 300 meters tall". 

3) Selected from among 107 projects, it was that of Gustave Eiffel, an entrepreneur, Maurice Koechlin, and Emile Nouguier, both engineers, and Stephen Sauvestre, an architect, that was accepted.

4) Emile Nouguier and Maurice Koechlin, the two chief engineers in Eiffel's company, had the idea for a very tall tower in June 1884. 

5) It was to be designed like a large pylon with four columns of latticework girders, separated at the base, and coming together at the top and joined to each other by more metal girders at regular intervals.

Details of Eiffel Tower

Details of Eiffel Tower

6) The tower project was a bold extension of this principle up to a height of 300 meters - equivalent to the symbolic figure of 1000 feet. 

7) On September 18 1884 Eiffel registered a patent "for a new configuration allowing the construction of metal supports and pylons capable of exceeding a height of 300 meters".

Key Points:

Design:

1.     18,038 metallic parts

2.     5,300 workshop designs

3.     50 engineers and designers.

Construction:

1.     150 workers in the Levallois-Perret factory

2.     Between 150 and 300 workers on the construction site

3.     2,500,000 rivets

4.     7,300 tonnes of iron

5.     60 tonnes of paint

6.     5 lifts.

Methods of Construction Methods of Construction

Duration: 2 years, 2 months, and 5 days of construction.

Eiffel Tower Eiffel Tower

Architect: Stephen Sauvestre.

Structural engineer: Maurice Koechlin, Émile Nouguier.

Main contractor: Compagnie des, Etablissements Eiffel.

For more information: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Tower

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❤Thank you❤

Writer: Pankaj Sonwane

Bibliography:

 1) Photos and figures from google photos.

 2) Information from books.

Hope you like it above all information. Do share with us your favorite and their best work in the comments section below which has motivated you to make a mark in the field of architecture design.

Art Nouveau Architecture

Art Nouveau Architecture

Art Nouveau, ornamental style of art that flourished between about 1890 and 1910 throughout Europe and the United States. Art Nouveau is characterized by its use of a long, sinuous, organic line and was employed most often in architecture, interior design, jewelry and glass design, posters, and illustration.

Interior Work of Art Nouveau

What is Art Nouveau?

Art Nouveau, which literally means 'new art', was an art movement popular in Europe before the start of World War I. It included art, design, and architecture and had a variety of influences.

Important Points of Art Nouveau:

The goal of Art Nouveau artists was modern art for the modern age. The turn of the century was coming, the world was changing, and the artists, designers, and architects who championed Art Nouveau wanted to abandon the rule-laden styles of the past.

Concept of Art Nouveau

They were also searching for ways to champion craftsmanship in the age of increasing industrialization, to bring art and design back to everyday life, and make things beautiful again.

Style of Art Nouveau

Art Nouveau quickly became very popular and spread throughout Europe. As it spread, it acquired different names in different places. For example, in Scotland, it became known as Glasgow Style, while in Austria it was called Sezessionsstil or Secession Style because it was breaking with the past.

Characteristics of Art Nouveau Architecture:

Art Nouveau architecture is distinct in appearance and decoration. Whether the structure is a house, church, or entrance to a commercial building, certain design elements are common. Many structures include shapes drawn from nature, like insects, birds, graceful plant forms, and especially whiplash curves, ribbon-like rays that bend back on themselves. 

Art Nouveau Architecture Building

Structures are often asymmetrical, meaning their sides aren't necessarily balanced. Doors and windows often have sloping arches that echo organic forms.

Exterior Work of Art Nouveau

Decorative elements of Art Nouveau buildings are a combination of nature and industry. Surfaces feature designs done in terra cotta, a baked earthen clay; colorful glazed tile; and mosaic. Many buildings incorporate plenty of modern materials like metal and glass. Buildings feature colors that recalled nature, like browns, yellows, blues, and greens.

Examples of Art Nouveau Architecture are:

La Sagrada Familia (by: Antoni Goudi)

La Sagrada Familia

1. The Sagrada Família is a one-of-a-kind temple, for its origins, foundation, and purpose. Fruit of the work of genius architect Antoni Gaudí, the project was promoted by the people for the people. 
2. Five generations now have watched the Temple progress in Barcelona. Today, more than 135 years after the laying of the cornerstone, construction continues on the Basilica and is expected to be completed in 2026.

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❤Thank you❤

Writer: Pankaj Sonwane.

Bibliography:

 1) Photos and figures from google photos.

 2) Information from books.

Hope you like it above all information. Do share with us your favorite and their best work in the comments section below which has motivated you to make a mark in the field of architecture design.

History of Architecture & Human Evolution

History of Architecture & Human Evolution

Human Evolution

Prehistoric :  

Humans constructed earthen mounds, stone circles, megaliths, and structures - includes monumental structures such as Stonehenge, cliff dwellings in the Americas, and thatch and mud structures. 

Prehistoric and Historic

The history of architecture traces the changes in architecture through various traditions, regions, overarching stylistic trends, and dates. The branches of architecture are civil, sacred, naval, military, and landscape architecture.

Architectural Style

Ancient Egypt :

1. 3,050 BC to 900 BC
2. Powerful rulers constructed monumental pyramids, temples, and shrines.
3. Enormous structures such as the Pyramids of Giza were feats of engineering capable of reaching great heights.

Pyramids of Giza

Art work of Ancient Eypt

Greek :

1. Classical architecture was constructed in Ancient Greece between the 7th and 4th century BC. 
2. It is best known for its large religious temples built in stone, designed from principles of order, symmetry, geometry, and perspective.
3.  A notable characteristic of its expressiveness are the principles of the “architectural orders”: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.  

Parthenon, Acropolis

Roman :

1. Ancient Roman architecture adopted the external language of classical Greek architecture for the purposes of the ancient Romans, but was different from Greek buildings, becoming a new architecturl style.

The Colosseum in Rome, Italy

Byzantine :

1. 527 to 565 AD
2. The capital of the Roman empire moved to Byzantium (now called Istanbul) in 330 AD.
3. Roman architecture evolved into a graceful, classically-inspired style.
4. Used brick instead of stone, domed roofs, elaborate mosaics, and classical forms.
5. Emperor Justinian (527 AD to 565 AD) led the way.

The Hagia Sophia

Romanesque :

1. 800 to 1200 AD
2. Heavier, stocky Romanesque architecture with rounded arches emerged.
3. Churches and castles of the early Medieval period were constructed with thick walls and heavy piers.

Iglesia de San Millán

Gothic :

1. 1100 to 1450 AD
2. Pointed arches, ribbed vaulting, flying buttresses, and other innovations led to taller, more graceful architecture.
3. Gothic ideas gave rise to magnificent cathedrals like Chartres and Notre Dame.

Kostel oostende katedrala

Rococo Architecture :

1. 1650 to 1790 AD
2. The last phase of the Baroque period.
3. Builders constructed graceful white buildings with sweeping curves.
4. Rococo buildings are elegantly decorated with scrolls, vines, shell-shapes, and delicate geometric patterns.

Kurfuerstliches Palais electoral palace

Renaissance Architecture :

1. 1400 to 1600 AD
2. Return to classical ideas ushered an "age of awakening" in Italy, France, and England.
3. Andrea Palladio and other builders looked the classical orders of ancient Greece and Rome.
4. Long after the Renaissance era ended, architects in the Western world found inspiration in the beautifully proportioned architecture of the period.

Florence Cathedral

Baroque :

1. 1600 to 1830 AD
2. The Baroque style is reflected in opulent and dramatic churches with irregular shapes and extravagant ornamentation.
3. In France, the highly ornamented Baroque style combines with Classical restraint.
4. Russian aristocrats were impressed by Versailles in France, and incorporated Baroque ideas in the building of St. Petersburg.
5. Elements of the elaborate Baroque style are found throughout Europe.

Chiesa del Gesù (church of gesu)

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❤Thank you❤

Writer: Pankaj Sonwane.

Bibliography:

 1) Photos and figures from google photos.

 2) Information from books.

Hope you like it above all information. Do share with us your favorite and their best work in the comments section below which has motivated you to make a mark in the field of architecture design.

Leading International Style of Architects

• Pioneer practitioners of the International Style included a group of brilliant and original architects in the 1920s who went on to achieve enormous influence in their field. 

• These figures included Walter Gropius (1883-1969) in Germany, J.J.P. Oud (1890-1963) in Holland, Le Corbusier (1887-1965) in France, and Richard Neutra (1892-1970), Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886- 1969), and Philip Johnson (1906-2005) in the United States.

International Style

Leading International Style Architects are:

Walter Gropius - Walter Gropius was the founder of the renowned Bauhaus design school in Weimar, Dessau and Berlin. He emigrated to America in 1937, where he became Head of the Graduate School of Design at Harvard University, and set up a partnership known as The Architects' Collaborative (TAC). 

Important examples of his International Style architecture were: the Fagus Factory (1911-25) in Alfeld on the Leine; the model factory for the Deutscher Werkbund Exhibition at Cologne in 1914; the Bauhaus School building (1925) at Dessau; the Graduate Center (1950) at Harvard University; and the Pan Am Building (1963) in New York, all of which reflect his preference for uncluttered interior spaces.

Walter Gropius

J.J.P Oud - Jacobus Johannes Pieter Oud, cofounder of the De Stijl movement with Theo van Doesburg (1883-1931), helped to bring more rounded and flowing geometric shapes to the movement. 

As the housing architect in Rotterdam, he designed numerous apartment blocks with a sober but functional austerity. Later examples of his elegant and geometrical International Style included the Bio- Children's Convalescent Home (1960) near Arnhem.

Jacobus Johannes Pieter Oud

Le Corbusier - Le Corbusier (Charles Edouard Jeanneret), one of the greatest architects of the 20th century, simplified architecture down to its main functional  features: window, ramp, stair and column. 

He was also especially concerned to maximize the entry of light into a building by replacing load-bearing walls in its facade. His somewhat utopian designs, often characterized by the heavy use of reinforced pre-cast concrete, paved the way for Brutalism, a superfunctional style of urban and campus architecture which has not aged well. 

Among his best-known works in the International Style is the Villa Savoye (1929-30) Poissy-sur-Seine, France; the Semi-Detached House (1927) Weissenhofsiedlung, Stuttgart; and United 'Habitation (1958) Interbau Fair, Berlin.

Le Corbusier

Decline

• By the 1970s, the International Style was so dominant that innovation was dead. Mies continued to design beautiful buildings, but was copied everywhere. As the saying went: "You got off an airplane in the 1970s, and you didn't know where you were." As a result, many architects felt dissatisfied with the limitations and formulaic methodology of the International Style. 

• They wanted to design buildings with more individual character and with more decoration. Modernist International Style architecture had removed all traces of historical designs: now architects wanted them back. All this led to a revolt against modernism and a renewed exploration of how to create more innovative design and ornamentation. 

• As Postmodernism took hold, building designers began creating more imaginative structures that employed modern building materials and decorative features to produce a range of novel effects. By the late 1970s, modernism and the International Style were finished.

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❤Thank you❤

Writer: Pankaj Sonwane.

Bibliography:

 1) Photos and figures from google photos.

 2) Information from books.

Hope you like it above all information. Do share with us your favorite and their best work in the comments section below which has motivated you to make a mark in the field of architecture design.

What is the International Style?

International Style

What is the International Style?

In architecture, the term "International Style" describes a type of design that developed mainly in Germany, Holland and France, during the 1920s, before spreading to America in the 1930s, where it became the dominant tendency in American architecture during the middle decades of the 20th century.

The Villa Savoye

Although it never became fashionable for single-family residential buildings in the United States - despite the efforts of William Lescaze (1896-1969), Edward Durrell Stone (1902-78), Richard Neutra (1892-1970) - the International Style was especially suited to skyscraper architecture, where its sleek "modern" look, absence of decoration and use of steel and glass, became synonymous with corporate modernism during the period 1955-70.

Pennsylvania Historical and International Style 1930 - 1950

It also became the dominant style of 20th century architecture for institutional and commercial buildings, and even superceded the traditional historical styles for schools and churches.

Origins and Development of International Style

The International Style emerged largely as a result of four factors that confronted architects at the beginning of the 20th century: 

1. Increasing dissatisfaction with building designs that incorporated a mixture of decorative features from different architectural periods, especially where the resulting design bore little or no relation to the function of the building.
2. The need to build large numbers of commercial and civic buildings that served a rapidly industrializing society.
3. The successful development of new construction techniques involving the use of steel, reinforced concrete, and glass.
4. A strong desire to create a "modern" style of architecture for "modern man". This underlined the need for a neutral, functional style, without any of the decorative features of (say) Romanesque, GOTHIC, or Renaissance architecture, all of which were old-fashioned, if not obsolete.

Characteristics of International Style:

The typical characteristics of International Style buildings include rectilinear forms; plane surfaces that are completely devoid of applied ornamentation; and open, even fluid, interior spaces. This early form of minimalism had a distinctively "modern look", reinforced by its use of modern materials, including glass for the facade, steel for exterior support, and concrete for interior supports and floors.

Design principle of International Styles are:

1)

Assembly building (1955) Chandigarh, India.

Asymmetric, Rhythm, simplicity, emphasis, repetition.

2)

Hines colleges of architecture, At the university of Houston, Texas in (2007).

Asymmetric, Rhythm, Simplicity, Repetition.

3)

PPG place in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (2007)

Symmetric, Asymmetric, Rhythm, Repetition.

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❤Thank you❤

Writer: Pankaj Sonwane.

Bibliography:

 1) Photos and figures from google photos.

 2) Information from books.

Hope you like it above all information. Do share with us your favorite and their best work in the comments section below which has motivated you to make a mark in the field of architecture design.