Art Nouveau Architecture

Art Nouveau Architecture

Art Nouveau, ornamental style of art that flourished between about 1890 and 1910 throughout Europe and the United States. Art Nouveau is characterized by its use of a long, sinuous, organic line and was employed most often in architecture, interior design, jewelry and glass design, posters, and illustration.

Interior Work of Art Nouveau

What is Art Nouveau?

Art Nouveau, which literally means 'new art', was an art movement popular in Europe before the start of World War I. It included art, design, and architecture and had a variety of influences.

Important Points of Art Nouveau:

The goal of Art Nouveau artists was modern art for the modern age. The turn of the century was coming, the world was changing, and the artists, designers, and architects who championed Art Nouveau wanted to abandon the rule-laden styles of the past.

Concept of Art Nouveau

They were also searching for ways to champion craftsmanship in the age of increasing industrialization, to bring art and design back to everyday life, and make things beautiful again.

Style of Art Nouveau

Art Nouveau quickly became very popular and spread throughout Europe. As it spread, it acquired different names in different places. For example, in Scotland, it became known as Glasgow Style, while in Austria it was called Sezessionsstil or Secession Style because it was breaking with the past.

Characteristics of Art Nouveau Architecture:

Art Nouveau architecture is distinct in appearance and decoration. Whether the structure is a house, church, or entrance to a commercial building, certain design elements are common. Many structures include shapes drawn from nature, like insects, birds, graceful plant forms, and especially whiplash curves, ribbon-like rays that bend back on themselves. 

Art Nouveau Architecture Building

Structures are often asymmetrical, meaning their sides aren't necessarily balanced. Doors and windows often have sloping arches that echo organic forms.

Exterior Work of Art Nouveau

Decorative elements of Art Nouveau buildings are a combination of nature and industry. Surfaces feature designs done in terra cotta, a baked earthen clay; colorful glazed tile; and mosaic. Many buildings incorporate plenty of modern materials like metal and glass. Buildings feature colors that recalled nature, like browns, yellows, blues, and greens.

Examples of Art Nouveau Architecture are:

La Sagrada Familia (by: Antoni Goudi)

La Sagrada Familia

1. The Sagrada Família is a one-of-a-kind temple, for its origins, foundation, and purpose. Fruit of the work of genius architect Antoni Gaudí, the project was promoted by the people for the people. 
2. Five generations now have watched the Temple progress in Barcelona. Today, more than 135 years after the laying of the cornerstone, construction continues on the Basilica and is expected to be completed in 2026.

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❤Thank you❤

Writer: Pankaj Sonwane.

Bibliography:

 1) Photos and figures from google photos.

 2) Information from books.

Hope you like it above all information. Do share with us your favorite and their best work in the comments section below which has motivated you to make a mark in the field of architecture design.

History of Architecture & Human Evolution

History of Architecture & Human Evolution

Human Evolution

Prehistoric :  

Humans constructed earthen mounds, stone circles, megaliths, and structures - includes monumental structures such as Stonehenge, cliff dwellings in the Americas, and thatch and mud structures. 

Prehistoric and Historic

The history of architecture traces the changes in architecture through various traditions, regions, overarching stylistic trends, and dates. The branches of architecture are civil, sacred, naval, military, and landscape architecture.

Architectural Style

Ancient Egypt :

1. 3,050 BC to 900 BC
2. Powerful rulers constructed monumental pyramids, temples, and shrines.
3. Enormous structures such as the Pyramids of Giza were feats of engineering capable of reaching great heights.

Pyramids of Giza

Art work of Ancient Eypt

Greek :

1. Classical architecture was constructed in Ancient Greece between the 7th and 4th century BC. 
2. It is best known for its large religious temples built in stone, designed from principles of order, symmetry, geometry, and perspective.
3.  A notable characteristic of its expressiveness are the principles of the “architectural orders”: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.  

Parthenon, Acropolis

Roman :

1. Ancient Roman architecture adopted the external language of classical Greek architecture for the purposes of the ancient Romans, but was different from Greek buildings, becoming a new architecturl style.

The Colosseum in Rome, Italy

Byzantine :

1. 527 to 565 AD
2. The capital of the Roman empire moved to Byzantium (now called Istanbul) in 330 AD.
3. Roman architecture evolved into a graceful, classically-inspired style.
4. Used brick instead of stone, domed roofs, elaborate mosaics, and classical forms.
5. Emperor Justinian (527 AD to 565 AD) led the way.

The Hagia Sophia

Romanesque :

1. 800 to 1200 AD
2. Heavier, stocky Romanesque architecture with rounded arches emerged.
3. Churches and castles of the early Medieval period were constructed with thick walls and heavy piers.

Iglesia de San Millán

Gothic :

1. 1100 to 1450 AD
2. Pointed arches, ribbed vaulting, flying buttresses, and other innovations led to taller, more graceful architecture.
3. Gothic ideas gave rise to magnificent cathedrals like Chartres and Notre Dame.

Kostel oostende katedrala

Rococo Architecture :

1. 1650 to 1790 AD
2. The last phase of the Baroque period.
3. Builders constructed graceful white buildings with sweeping curves.
4. Rococo buildings are elegantly decorated with scrolls, vines, shell-shapes, and delicate geometric patterns.

Kurfuerstliches Palais electoral palace

Renaissance Architecture :

1. 1400 to 1600 AD
2. Return to classical ideas ushered an "age of awakening" in Italy, France, and England.
3. Andrea Palladio and other builders looked the classical orders of ancient Greece and Rome.
4. Long after the Renaissance era ended, architects in the Western world found inspiration in the beautifully proportioned architecture of the period.

Florence Cathedral

Baroque :

1. 1600 to 1830 AD
2. The Baroque style is reflected in opulent and dramatic churches with irregular shapes and extravagant ornamentation.
3. In France, the highly ornamented Baroque style combines with Classical restraint.
4. Russian aristocrats were impressed by Versailles in France, and incorporated Baroque ideas in the building of St. Petersburg.
5. Elements of the elaborate Baroque style are found throughout Europe.

Chiesa del Gesù (church of gesu)

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❤Thank you❤

Writer: Pankaj Sonwane.

Bibliography:

 1) Photos and figures from google photos.

 2) Information from books.

Hope you like it above all information. Do share with us your favorite and their best work in the comments section below which has motivated you to make a mark in the field of architecture design.

Leading International Style of Architects

• Pioneer practitioners of the International Style included a group of brilliant and original architects in the 1920s who went on to achieve enormous influence in their field. 

• These figures included Walter Gropius (1883-1969) in Germany, J.J.P. Oud (1890-1963) in Holland, Le Corbusier (1887-1965) in France, and Richard Neutra (1892-1970), Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886- 1969), and Philip Johnson (1906-2005) in the United States.

International Style

Leading International Style Architects are:

Walter Gropius - Walter Gropius was the founder of the renowned Bauhaus design school in Weimar, Dessau and Berlin. He emigrated to America in 1937, where he became Head of the Graduate School of Design at Harvard University, and set up a partnership known as The Architects' Collaborative (TAC). 

Important examples of his International Style architecture were: the Fagus Factory (1911-25) in Alfeld on the Leine; the model factory for the Deutscher Werkbund Exhibition at Cologne in 1914; the Bauhaus School building (1925) at Dessau; the Graduate Center (1950) at Harvard University; and the Pan Am Building (1963) in New York, all of which reflect his preference for uncluttered interior spaces.

Walter Gropius

J.J.P Oud - Jacobus Johannes Pieter Oud, cofounder of the De Stijl movement with Theo van Doesburg (1883-1931), helped to bring more rounded and flowing geometric shapes to the movement. 

As the housing architect in Rotterdam, he designed numerous apartment blocks with a sober but functional austerity. Later examples of his elegant and geometrical International Style included the Bio- Children's Convalescent Home (1960) near Arnhem.

Jacobus Johannes Pieter Oud

Le Corbusier - Le Corbusier (Charles Edouard Jeanneret), one of the greatest architects of the 20th century, simplified architecture down to its main functional  features: window, ramp, stair and column. 

He was also especially concerned to maximize the entry of light into a building by replacing load-bearing walls in its facade. His somewhat utopian designs, often characterized by the heavy use of reinforced pre-cast concrete, paved the way for Brutalism, a superfunctional style of urban and campus architecture which has not aged well. 

Among his best-known works in the International Style is the Villa Savoye (1929-30) Poissy-sur-Seine, France; the Semi-Detached House (1927) Weissenhofsiedlung, Stuttgart; and United 'Habitation (1958) Interbau Fair, Berlin.

Le Corbusier

Decline

• By the 1970s, the International Style was so dominant that innovation was dead. Mies continued to design beautiful buildings, but was copied everywhere. As the saying went: "You got off an airplane in the 1970s, and you didn't know where you were." As a result, many architects felt dissatisfied with the limitations and formulaic methodology of the International Style. 

• They wanted to design buildings with more individual character and with more decoration. Modernist International Style architecture had removed all traces of historical designs: now architects wanted them back. All this led to a revolt against modernism and a renewed exploration of how to create more innovative design and ornamentation. 

• As Postmodernism took hold, building designers began creating more imaginative structures that employed modern building materials and decorative features to produce a range of novel effects. By the late 1970s, modernism and the International Style were finished.

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❤Thank you❤

Writer: Pankaj Sonwane.

Bibliography:

 1) Photos and figures from google photos.

 2) Information from books.

Hope you like it above all information. Do share with us your favorite and their best work in the comments section below which has motivated you to make a mark in the field of architecture design.

What is the International Style?

International Style

What is the International Style?

In architecture, the term "International Style" describes a type of design that developed mainly in Germany, Holland and France, during the 1920s, before spreading to America in the 1930s, where it became the dominant tendency in American architecture during the middle decades of the 20th century.

The Villa Savoye

Although it never became fashionable for single-family residential buildings in the United States - despite the efforts of William Lescaze (1896-1969), Edward Durrell Stone (1902-78), Richard Neutra (1892-1970) - the International Style was especially suited to skyscraper architecture, where its sleek "modern" look, absence of decoration and use of steel and glass, became synonymous with corporate modernism during the period 1955-70.

Pennsylvania Historical and International Style 1930 - 1950

It also became the dominant style of 20th century architecture for institutional and commercial buildings, and even superceded the traditional historical styles for schools and churches.

Origins and Development of International Style

The International Style emerged largely as a result of four factors that confronted architects at the beginning of the 20th century: 

1. Increasing dissatisfaction with building designs that incorporated a mixture of decorative features from different architectural periods, especially where the resulting design bore little or no relation to the function of the building.
2. The need to build large numbers of commercial and civic buildings that served a rapidly industrializing society.
3. The successful development of new construction techniques involving the use of steel, reinforced concrete, and glass.
4. A strong desire to create a "modern" style of architecture for "modern man". This underlined the need for a neutral, functional style, without any of the decorative features of (say) Romanesque, GOTHIC, or Renaissance architecture, all of which were old-fashioned, if not obsolete.

Characteristics of International Style:

The typical characteristics of International Style buildings include rectilinear forms; plane surfaces that are completely devoid of applied ornamentation; and open, even fluid, interior spaces. This early form of minimalism had a distinctively "modern look", reinforced by its use of modern materials, including glass for the facade, steel for exterior support, and concrete for interior supports and floors.

Design principle of International Styles are:

1)

Assembly building (1955) Chandigarh, India.

Asymmetric, Rhythm, simplicity, emphasis, repetition.

2)

Hines colleges of architecture, At the university of Houston, Texas in (2007).

Asymmetric, Rhythm, Simplicity, Repetition.

3)

PPG place in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (2007)

Symmetric, Asymmetric, Rhythm, Repetition.

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❤Thank you❤

Writer: Pankaj Sonwane.

Bibliography:

 1) Photos and figures from google photos.

 2) Information from books.

Hope you like it above all information. Do share with us your favorite and their best work in the comments section below which has motivated you to make a mark in the field of architecture design.

What Is Organic Architecture?

Organic architecture

What Is Organic Architecture?

Organic architecture refers to a philosophy of architecture advocating harmony of the human establishment with the natural organic ambience. This is achieved by adopting special design approaches that are empathetic with the natural site, so that buildings, furnishing, and ambience become more of a unified, interlinked composition.

Taliesin West, by Frank Lloyd Wright

Organic architecture refers to designing and building structures and spaces that are balanced with their natural surroundings and tailored to the function they serve for their inhabitants. Organically designed structures seem to meld with the landscape or rise from it as if the surrounding spaces gave birth to them.

Frank Lloyd Wright

Origins of Organic Architecture

The term ‘organic architecture’ was first coined by renowned American architect Frank Lloyd Wright, who described his naturally integrated approach as a new architectural paradigm. Wright was a keen observer of the natural world, so he found inspiration in the styles and processes related to nature in order to build a thriving yet sustainable ecosystem.

Organic Architecture Concepts

What is Organic Architecture Concepts?

First, in 1914, Architect used a term Organic Architecture in architecture digest article. And give a basic understanding of sustainable or organic design in architecture. How to use this terminology and incorporation of organic terms in architectural style.

It is important to note that Wright was not the first architect to use the term organic architecture, Nor was he the last. The concept of an organic style meant different things to different architects and manifested itself in a variety of ways.

Examples of Organic Architecture:

• Falling water

Fallingwater is a house designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright in 1935 in rural south western Pennsylvania. The house was built partly over a waterfall. Fallingwater stands as one of Wright's greatest masterpieces both for its dynamism and for its integration with its striking natural surroundings. Fallingwater has been described as an architectural tour de force of Wright's organic architecture.

Falling water by architect Frank Lloyd Wright

• Robie House

Robie Residence in Chicago, Illinois was built in 1909. Its multiple roof planes not only protect the interior, but emphasize the building's volume and mass. Here, Wright shows his mastery of the Prairie style structure (open plans, horizontal lines, native materials, and no or few trees) but also his mastery of creating "microclimates" within structures.

Wright also designed the mechanical and electrical systems which manifest themselves in the interior living areas. There is no basement in the original design of this raised residence.

Robie Residence in Chicago

• Hanna Residence

Hanna-Honeycomb House, also known as Hanna House, is located in Palo Alto, CA and was designed in the Usonian style. Fashioned in wood and brick, it allows dwellers to disassemble and reconfigure walls easily as needed.

It is referred to as the Honeycomb House because the design uses hexagons instead of octagons as building units, and all the boards and battens use this spacing. The home adjusts to the hill, complementing the landscape.

Hanna Residence, by Frank Lloyd Wright

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❤Thank you❤

Writer: Pankaj Sonwane.

Bibliography:

 1) Photos and figures from google photos.

 2) Information from books.

Hope you like it above all information. Do share with us your favorite and their best work in the comments section below which has motivated you to make a mark in the field of architecture design.

Famous Architects in India

Famous Architects in India 

“An idea is salvation by imagination.”  – Frank Lloyd Wright

Raj Rewal - Raj Rewal is an Indian architect and urban design consultant. He attended the Delhi School of Architecture in New Delhi. His approach to architecture responds to the complexities of rapid urbanization, the demands of climate, cultural traditions, and building crafts and technologies. 

Raj Rewal

Some Best Works of Raj Rewal:

1. Indian National Science Academy in New Delhi

2. Hall of Nations - Pragati Madan in New Delhi

3. Parliament Library Building in New Delhi

4. Visual Art Campus in Rohtak.

Website Link: http://www.rajrewal.in/

B V Doshi - Balkrishna Vithaldas Doshi is an Indian architect. He studied at the J. J. School of Architecture, Mumbai and considered to be a significant figure of South Asian architecture and noted for his contributions to the evolution of architectural discourse in India.

B V Doshi

Some Best Works of B V Doshi:

1. Sangath in Ahmedabad

2. Amdavadni Gufa in Ahmedabad

3. IIM Banglore

4. NIFT Delhi.

Charles Mark Correa - He was the famous Indian master architect, urban planner and activist. Correa began his higher studies at St. Xavier's College, Mumbai and later on went to of Michigan in Ann Arbor and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in, Massachusetts.

Charles Mark Correa

Some Best Works of Charles Mark Correa:

1. Center in Canada

2. Aga Khan Museum in Canada

3. Jawahar Kala Kendra in Jaipur

4. Church in Kerala.

Brinda Somaya - Brinda Somaya is another brilliant Indian architect, who believes that development and progress must proceed without straining the cultural and historic environment. She completed her Bachelor of Architecture degree from Mumbai University and her Master of Arts from Smith College in Northampton, United States. 

Brinda Somaya

Some Best Works of Brinda Somaya:

1. Tata Consultancy Services in Indore (Madhya Pradesh)

2. Indian Institute of Technology in Mumbai

3. World One Towers in Mumbai

4. The Kensington Club in Nasik (Maharashtra)

Website Link: https://www.snkindia.com/

Hafeez Contractor - Hafeez Contractor is one of the best architects in India, who is the man behind several noted projects in the country. He received his graduate diploma in architecture from the Academy of Architecture from University of Mumbai and completed his master’s degree from Columbia University, where he won a scholarship.

He has also been awarded with Padma Bhushan by the Government of India. He has designed numerous skyscrapers in India, mostly in Mumbai. These include Hiranandani Gardens and Morya Regency in Mumbai. He also designed Infosys GEC & SDB 4- Mysore and 23 Marina in Dubai, which is also the world's tallest all-residential building.

Hafeez Contractor

Some best Works of Hafeez Contractor:

1. Omaxe 2 in Lucknow

2. Twin Towers - Rubberwalla in Mumbai

3. Main - 42 in Kolkata

4. DB Corporate House in Mumbai.

Website Link: https://www.hafeezcontractor.com/

Sameep Padora - He is a practicing architect and principal of the design studio sP+a in Mumbai. He received his diploma in architecture from Academy of Architecture went on to study at SCI-Arc in Los Angeles, and received his Masters from the Graduate School of Design, Harvard University in 2005. 

His work has received numerous international The Architectural Review’s Emerging Architecture Award in London, the MARMOMACC International Award Architecture in Stone in Verona and the WAN 21 for 21 Award for 21 Emerging International Practices for the 21st century.

Recently he has collaborated on a research project for the ‘Uneven Growth’ Tactical Urbanisms exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art, New York. The studio has 25 architects and works on projects ranging from small-scale urban interventions to large-scale developments in India.

Sameep

Some Best Works of Sameep:

1. Bhavishya in Ahmedabad

2. Sanskriti Vihar in Mumbai

3. Celebrate India in Goa

4. Craft Deli in Mumbai.

Website link: https://www.sp-arc.net/

Rahul Mehrotra - Rahul Mehrotra is an architect, and educator who is the of RMA Architects. He is also a Professor of Urban Design and Planning and Chair of the Department of Urban Planning and Design at Harvard University’s Graduate School of Design. He did his education from School of Architecture, Ahmedabad and graduated with a Master’s Degree in Urban Design with distinction from the Graduate School of Design at Harvard. 

Some of his well-known projects involve Hathigaon (Jaipur, Rajasthan), KMC Corporate Office (Hyderabad), Visitor Centre at Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya (Mumbai), Taj Mahal Visitor Centre (with Taj Mahal Conservation Collaborative) (Agra), Hewlett-Packard Software Campus (Bengaluru), Campus For Magic Bus (Panvel), Extension To The Prince Of Wales Museum (Mumbai) etc. 

Rahul Mehotra

Some Best Works of Rahul Mehotra:

1. KMC Corporate Office in Hyderabad

2. Hathigaon in Jaipur (Rajasthan)

3. Tata Institute of Social Sciences Rural Campus in Tuljapur

4. Visitor Center at CSMVS in Mumbai.

Website link: http://rmaarchitects.com/

Rajiv Saini - He is well known Indian architect, has been catering to He is a self-taught architect/designer. The best thing about his designs is that they are deeply rooted in the Indian culture despite being modern and classy. 

His best work includes the Devigarh Palace in Udaipur (which won several international design awards such as the Conde-Nast Best Design Hotel), the Marriott Hotel (Goa), -bars like Senso (New Delhi), Rain and Velvet (Mumbai), Carma fashion store (New Delhi) and several high-end homes spread across the country and overseas in places like Thailand, Dubai, the U.S. Europe.

Rajeev Saini

Some Best Works of Rajeev Saini:

1. House in the Himalayas in Kasauli

2. Carma Fashion Store in New Delhi

3.  Devigarh Palace in Udaipur​

4. Rishikesh House in Rishikesh (Uttarakhand).

Website link: http://www.rajivsaini.com/

Sanjeev Panjabi and Sangeeta Merchant - The design duo of Sanjeev Punjabi and Sangeeta Merchant, who come together to form a company called SPASM Design Architects, is regarded as one of the best in the country. Both were educated at the Academy of Architecture, Mumbai.  Their early work comprised of several interior refurbishments and interventions. These ranged from a post-production studio to residences. From 2000 onwards, they took architectural projects such as single-family homes, luxury villas and commercial office towers.

Their fresh ideas and innovative creativity have taken fame, both in India as well as East Africa, the countries where they provide their services. Some of their projects are AON Insurance Headquarters, The Twin Houses, Exim Tower and much more.

Sanjeev Punjabi and Sangeeta Merchant

Some Best Works of Sanjeev Punjabi and Sangeeta Merchant:

1. AON Insurance Headquarter

2. Diya in Ahmedabad

3. Exim Tower in Tanzania

4. Twin Houses in Alibag.

Website link: http://www.spasmindia.com/

Kapil Gupta and Christopher Lee - Both of them are the co-founders of Serie Architects and Principal of Serie Mumbai. Kapil graduated with from Sir JJ School of Architecture, Mumbai followed by post-graduate studies at the Architectural Association School of Architecture London. Lee did his graduation in (Honors) from the AA, received the RIBA President’s Medal Commendation Award, and his Doctor of Philosophy in Architecture and Urbanism from the Berlage Institute and TU Delft.

Their current projects include the revitalization of four disused factory buildings in Hangzhou, Nicholas Grimshaw, Bohacky Residential master plan and housing in Bratislava and 440-units of Middle Income Housing in Ruzinov, Bratislava and two schools in Mumbai.

Kapil Gupta and Christopher Lee

Some Best Works of Kapil Gupta and Christopher Lee:

1. Meswani House in Pavna Lake (India)

2. Aarvli Resort in Goa 

3. The Tote in Mumbai

4. Vornada Master Plan in India.

Website link: https://www.serie.co.uk/

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❤Thank you❤

Writer: Pankaj Sonwane.

Bibliography:

 1) Photos and figures from google photos.

 2) Information from books.

Hope the above list of architectural designers has inspired you and left a positive impact. Do share with us your favorite architects and their best work in the comments section below which has motivated you to make a mark in the field of architecture design.