Leading International Style of Architects

• Pioneer practitioners of the International Style included a group of brilliant and original architects in the 1920s who went on to achieve enormous influence in their field. 

• These figures included Walter Gropius (1883-1969) in Germany, J.J.P. Oud (1890-1963) in Holland, Le Corbusier (1887-1965) in France, and Richard Neutra (1892-1970), Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886- 1969), and Philip Johnson (1906-2005) in the United States.

International Style

Leading International Style Architects are:

Walter Gropius - Walter Gropius was the founder of the renowned Bauhaus design school in Weimar, Dessau and Berlin. He emigrated to America in 1937, where he became Head of the Graduate School of Design at Harvard University, and set up a partnership known as The Architects' Collaborative (TAC). 

Important examples of his International Style architecture were: the Fagus Factory (1911-25) in Alfeld on the Leine; the model factory for the Deutscher Werkbund Exhibition at Cologne in 1914; the Bauhaus School building (1925) at Dessau; the Graduate Center (1950) at Harvard University; and the Pan Am Building (1963) in New York, all of which reflect his preference for uncluttered interior spaces.

Walter Gropius

J.J.P Oud - Jacobus Johannes Pieter Oud, cofounder of the De Stijl movement with Theo van Doesburg (1883-1931), helped to bring more rounded and flowing geometric shapes to the movement. 

As the housing architect in Rotterdam, he designed numerous apartment blocks with a sober but functional austerity. Later examples of his elegant and geometrical International Style included the Bio- Children's Convalescent Home (1960) near Arnhem.

Jacobus Johannes Pieter Oud

Le Corbusier - Le Corbusier (Charles Edouard Jeanneret), one of the greatest architects of the 20th century, simplified architecture down to its main functional  features: window, ramp, stair and column. 

He was also especially concerned to maximize the entry of light into a building by replacing load-bearing walls in its facade. His somewhat utopian designs, often characterized by the heavy use of reinforced pre-cast concrete, paved the way for Brutalism, a superfunctional style of urban and campus architecture which has not aged well. 

Among his best-known works in the International Style is the Villa Savoye (1929-30) Poissy-sur-Seine, France; the Semi-Detached House (1927) Weissenhofsiedlung, Stuttgart; and United 'Habitation (1958) Interbau Fair, Berlin.

Le Corbusier

Decline

• By the 1970s, the International Style was so dominant that innovation was dead. Mies continued to design beautiful buildings, but was copied everywhere. As the saying went: "You got off an airplane in the 1970s, and you didn't know where you were." As a result, many architects felt dissatisfied with the limitations and formulaic methodology of the International Style. 

• They wanted to design buildings with more individual character and with more decoration. Modernist International Style architecture had removed all traces of historical designs: now architects wanted them back. All this led to a revolt against modernism and a renewed exploration of how to create more innovative design and ornamentation. 

• As Postmodernism took hold, building designers began creating more imaginative structures that employed modern building materials and decorative features to produce a range of novel effects. By the late 1970s, modernism and the International Style were finished.

←←←←←←←←←←←→→→→→→→→→→⇜⇜⇜⇜⇜⇝

❤Thank you❤

Writer: Pankaj Sonwane.

Bibliography:

 1) Photos and figures from google photos.

 2) Information from books.

Hope you like it above all information. Do share with us your favorite and their best work in the comments section below which has motivated you to make a mark in the field of architecture design.

What is the International Style?

International Style

What is the International Style?

In architecture, the term "International Style" describes a type of design that developed mainly in Germany, Holland and France, during the 1920s, before spreading to America in the 1930s, where it became the dominant tendency in American architecture during the middle decades of the 20th century.

The Villa Savoye

Although it never became fashionable for single-family residential buildings in the United States - despite the efforts of William Lescaze (1896-1969), Edward Durrell Stone (1902-78), Richard Neutra (1892-1970) - the International Style was especially suited to skyscraper architecture, where its sleek "modern" look, absence of decoration and use of steel and glass, became synonymous with corporate modernism during the period 1955-70.

Pennsylvania Historical and International Style 1930 - 1950

It also became the dominant style of 20th century architecture for institutional and commercial buildings, and even superceded the traditional historical styles for schools and churches.

Origins and Development of International Style

The International Style emerged largely as a result of four factors that confronted architects at the beginning of the 20th century: 

1. Increasing dissatisfaction with building designs that incorporated a mixture of decorative features from different architectural periods, especially where the resulting design bore little or no relation to the function of the building.
2. The need to build large numbers of commercial and civic buildings that served a rapidly industrializing society.
3. The successful development of new construction techniques involving the use of steel, reinforced concrete, and glass.
4. A strong desire to create a "modern" style of architecture for "modern man". This underlined the need for a neutral, functional style, without any of the decorative features of (say) Romanesque, GOTHIC, or Renaissance architecture, all of which were old-fashioned, if not obsolete.

Characteristics of International Style:

The typical characteristics of International Style buildings include rectilinear forms; plane surfaces that are completely devoid of applied ornamentation; and open, even fluid, interior spaces. This early form of minimalism had a distinctively "modern look", reinforced by its use of modern materials, including glass for the facade, steel for exterior support, and concrete for interior supports and floors.

Design principle of International Styles are:

1)

Assembly building (1955) Chandigarh, India.

Asymmetric, Rhythm, simplicity, emphasis, repetition.

2)

Hines colleges of architecture, At the university of Houston, Texas in (2007).

Asymmetric, Rhythm, Simplicity, Repetition.

3)

PPG place in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (2007)

Symmetric, Asymmetric, Rhythm, Repetition.

←←←←←←←←←←←→→→→→→→→→→⇜⇜⇜⇜⇜⇝⇝⇝⇝⇝⇝⇝⇝⇝⇝⇝⇝⇝⇝⬶⬶⬶⬶⬶⬶⬶⬶⬶⬶⬶

❤Thank you❤

Writer: Pankaj Sonwane.

Bibliography:

 1) Photos and figures from google photos.

 2) Information from books.

Hope you like it above all information. Do share with us your favorite and their best work in the comments section below which has motivated you to make a mark in the field of architecture design.

What Is Organic Architecture?

Organic architecture

What Is Organic Architecture?

Organic architecture refers to a philosophy of architecture advocating harmony of the human establishment with the natural organic ambience. This is achieved by adopting special design approaches that are empathetic with the natural site, so that buildings, furnishing, and ambience become more of a unified, interlinked composition.

Taliesin West, by Frank Lloyd Wright

Organic architecture refers to designing and building structures and spaces that are balanced with their natural surroundings and tailored to the function they serve for their inhabitants. Organically designed structures seem to meld with the landscape or rise from it as if the surrounding spaces gave birth to them.

Frank Lloyd Wright

Origins of Organic Architecture

The term ‘organic architecture’ was first coined by renowned American architect Frank Lloyd Wright, who described his naturally integrated approach as a new architectural paradigm. Wright was a keen observer of the natural world, so he found inspiration in the styles and processes related to nature in order to build a thriving yet sustainable ecosystem.

Organic Architecture Concepts

What is Organic Architecture Concepts?

First, in 1914, Architect used a term Organic Architecture in architecture digest article. And give a basic understanding of sustainable or organic design in architecture. How to use this terminology and incorporation of organic terms in architectural style.

It is important to note that Wright was not the first architect to use the term organic architecture, Nor was he the last. The concept of an organic style meant different things to different architects and manifested itself in a variety of ways.

Examples of Organic Architecture:

• Falling water

Fallingwater is a house designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright in 1935 in rural south western Pennsylvania. The house was built partly over a waterfall. Fallingwater stands as one of Wright's greatest masterpieces both for its dynamism and for its integration with its striking natural surroundings. Fallingwater has been described as an architectural tour de force of Wright's organic architecture.

Falling water by architect Frank Lloyd Wright

• Robie House

Robie Residence in Chicago, Illinois was built in 1909. Its multiple roof planes not only protect the interior, but emphasize the building's volume and mass. Here, Wright shows his mastery of the Prairie style structure (open plans, horizontal lines, native materials, and no or few trees) but also his mastery of creating "microclimates" within structures.

Wright also designed the mechanical and electrical systems which manifest themselves in the interior living areas. There is no basement in the original design of this raised residence.

Robie Residence in Chicago

• Hanna Residence

Hanna-Honeycomb House, also known as Hanna House, is located in Palo Alto, CA and was designed in the Usonian style. Fashioned in wood and brick, it allows dwellers to disassemble and reconfigure walls easily as needed.

It is referred to as the Honeycomb House because the design uses hexagons instead of octagons as building units, and all the boards and battens use this spacing. The home adjusts to the hill, complementing the landscape.

Hanna Residence, by Frank Lloyd Wright

←←←←←←←←←←←→→→→→→→→→→⇜⇜⇜⇜⇜⇝⇝⇝⇝⇝⇝⇝⇝⇝⇝⇝⇝⇝⇝

❤Thank you❤

Writer: Pankaj Sonwane.

Bibliography:

 1) Photos and figures from google photos.

 2) Information from books.

Hope you like it above all information. Do share with us your favorite and their best work in the comments section below which has motivated you to make a mark in the field of architecture design.

Famous Architects in India

Famous Architects in India 

“An idea is salvation by imagination.”  – Frank Lloyd Wright

Raj Rewal - Raj Rewal is an Indian architect and urban design consultant. He attended the Delhi School of Architecture in New Delhi. His approach to architecture responds to the complexities of rapid urbanization, the demands of climate, cultural traditions, and building crafts and technologies. 

Raj Rewal

Some Best Works of Raj Rewal:

1. Indian National Science Academy in New Delhi

2. Hall of Nations - Pragati Madan in New Delhi

3. Parliament Library Building in New Delhi

4. Visual Art Campus in Rohtak.

Website Link: http://www.rajrewal.in/

B V Doshi - Balkrishna Vithaldas Doshi is an Indian architect. He studied at the J. J. School of Architecture, Mumbai and considered to be a significant figure of South Asian architecture and noted for his contributions to the evolution of architectural discourse in India.

B V Doshi

Some Best Works of B V Doshi:

1. Sangath in Ahmedabad

2. Amdavadni Gufa in Ahmedabad

3. IIM Banglore

4. NIFT Delhi.

Charles Mark Correa - He was the famous Indian master architect, urban planner and activist. Correa began his higher studies at St. Xavier's College, Mumbai and later on went to of Michigan in Ann Arbor and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in, Massachusetts.

Charles Mark Correa

Some Best Works of Charles Mark Correa:

1. Center in Canada

2. Aga Khan Museum in Canada

3. Jawahar Kala Kendra in Jaipur

4. Church in Kerala.

Brinda Somaya - Brinda Somaya is another brilliant Indian architect, who believes that development and progress must proceed without straining the cultural and historic environment. She completed her Bachelor of Architecture degree from Mumbai University and her Master of Arts from Smith College in Northampton, United States. 

Brinda Somaya

Some Best Works of Brinda Somaya:

1. Tata Consultancy Services in Indore (Madhya Pradesh)

2. Indian Institute of Technology in Mumbai

3. World One Towers in Mumbai

4. The Kensington Club in Nasik (Maharashtra)

Website Link: https://www.snkindia.com/

Hafeez Contractor - Hafeez Contractor is one of the best architects in India, who is the man behind several noted projects in the country. He received his graduate diploma in architecture from the Academy of Architecture from University of Mumbai and completed his master’s degree from Columbia University, where he won a scholarship.

He has also been awarded with Padma Bhushan by the Government of India. He has designed numerous skyscrapers in India, mostly in Mumbai. These include Hiranandani Gardens and Morya Regency in Mumbai. He also designed Infosys GEC & SDB 4- Mysore and 23 Marina in Dubai, which is also the world's tallest all-residential building.

Hafeez Contractor

Some best Works of Hafeez Contractor:

1. Omaxe 2 in Lucknow

2. Twin Towers - Rubberwalla in Mumbai

3. Main - 42 in Kolkata

4. DB Corporate House in Mumbai.

Website Link: https://www.hafeezcontractor.com/

Sameep Padora - He is a practicing architect and principal of the design studio sP+a in Mumbai. He received his diploma in architecture from Academy of Architecture went on to study at SCI-Arc in Los Angeles, and received his Masters from the Graduate School of Design, Harvard University in 2005. 

His work has received numerous international The Architectural Review’s Emerging Architecture Award in London, the MARMOMACC International Award Architecture in Stone in Verona and the WAN 21 for 21 Award for 21 Emerging International Practices for the 21st century.

Recently he has collaborated on a research project for the ‘Uneven Growth’ Tactical Urbanisms exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art, New York. The studio has 25 architects and works on projects ranging from small-scale urban interventions to large-scale developments in India.

Sameep

Some Best Works of Sameep:

1. Bhavishya in Ahmedabad

2. Sanskriti Vihar in Mumbai

3. Celebrate India in Goa

4. Craft Deli in Mumbai.

Website link: https://www.sp-arc.net/

Rahul Mehrotra - Rahul Mehrotra is an architect, and educator who is the of RMA Architects. He is also a Professor of Urban Design and Planning and Chair of the Department of Urban Planning and Design at Harvard University’s Graduate School of Design. He did his education from School of Architecture, Ahmedabad and graduated with a Master’s Degree in Urban Design with distinction from the Graduate School of Design at Harvard. 

Some of his well-known projects involve Hathigaon (Jaipur, Rajasthan), KMC Corporate Office (Hyderabad), Visitor Centre at Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya (Mumbai), Taj Mahal Visitor Centre (with Taj Mahal Conservation Collaborative) (Agra), Hewlett-Packard Software Campus (Bengaluru), Campus For Magic Bus (Panvel), Extension To The Prince Of Wales Museum (Mumbai) etc. 

Rahul Mehotra

Some Best Works of Rahul Mehotra:

1. KMC Corporate Office in Hyderabad

2. Hathigaon in Jaipur (Rajasthan)

3. Tata Institute of Social Sciences Rural Campus in Tuljapur

4. Visitor Center at CSMVS in Mumbai.

Website link: http://rmaarchitects.com/

Rajiv Saini - He is well known Indian architect, has been catering to He is a self-taught architect/designer. The best thing about his designs is that they are deeply rooted in the Indian culture despite being modern and classy. 

His best work includes the Devigarh Palace in Udaipur (which won several international design awards such as the Conde-Nast Best Design Hotel), the Marriott Hotel (Goa), -bars like Senso (New Delhi), Rain and Velvet (Mumbai), Carma fashion store (New Delhi) and several high-end homes spread across the country and overseas in places like Thailand, Dubai, the U.S. Europe.

Rajeev Saini

Some Best Works of Rajeev Saini:

1. House in the Himalayas in Kasauli

2. Carma Fashion Store in New Delhi

3.  Devigarh Palace in Udaipur​

4. Rishikesh House in Rishikesh (Uttarakhand).

Website link: http://www.rajivsaini.com/

Sanjeev Panjabi and Sangeeta Merchant - The design duo of Sanjeev Punjabi and Sangeeta Merchant, who come together to form a company called SPASM Design Architects, is regarded as one of the best in the country. Both were educated at the Academy of Architecture, Mumbai.  Their early work comprised of several interior refurbishments and interventions. These ranged from a post-production studio to residences. From 2000 onwards, they took architectural projects such as single-family homes, luxury villas and commercial office towers.

Their fresh ideas and innovative creativity have taken fame, both in India as well as East Africa, the countries where they provide their services. Some of their projects are AON Insurance Headquarters, The Twin Houses, Exim Tower and much more.

Sanjeev Punjabi and Sangeeta Merchant

Some Best Works of Sanjeev Punjabi and Sangeeta Merchant:

1. AON Insurance Headquarter

2. Diya in Ahmedabad

3. Exim Tower in Tanzania

4. Twin Houses in Alibag.

Website link: http://www.spasmindia.com/

Kapil Gupta and Christopher Lee - Both of them are the co-founders of Serie Architects and Principal of Serie Mumbai. Kapil graduated with from Sir JJ School of Architecture, Mumbai followed by post-graduate studies at the Architectural Association School of Architecture London. Lee did his graduation in (Honors) from the AA, received the RIBA President’s Medal Commendation Award, and his Doctor of Philosophy in Architecture and Urbanism from the Berlage Institute and TU Delft.

Their current projects include the revitalization of four disused factory buildings in Hangzhou, Nicholas Grimshaw, Bohacky Residential master plan and housing in Bratislava and 440-units of Middle Income Housing in Ruzinov, Bratislava and two schools in Mumbai.

Kapil Gupta and Christopher Lee

Some Best Works of Kapil Gupta and Christopher Lee:

1. Meswani House in Pavna Lake (India)

2. Aarvli Resort in Goa 

3. The Tote in Mumbai

4. Vornada Master Plan in India.

Website link: https://www.serie.co.uk/

←←←←←←←←←←←→→→→→→→→→→⇜⇜⇜⇜⇜⇝⇝⇝⇝⇝⇝⇝⇝⇝⇝⇝⇝⇝⇝

❤Thank you❤

Writer: Pankaj Sonwane.

Bibliography:

 1) Photos and figures from google photos.

 2) Information from books.

Hope the above list of architectural designers has inspired you and left a positive impact. Do share with us your favorite architects and their best work in the comments section below which has motivated you to make a mark in the field of architecture design.

Famous architects all over the world

Famous Architects all over the world

“Architecture is the learned game, correct and magnificent, of forms assembled in the light.”  
– Le Corbusier

Zaha Hadid - The most famous modern female architect in the world. She was a pioneer who transformed architecture in the 21st Century. Some of her buildings include the Serpentine Galleries, the London Aquatics Centre, the Bridge Pavilion in Zaragoza, and the Guangzhou Opera House. 

Zaha Hadid

Frank Gehry - Gehry is one of the most famous architects in the world today. Some of his buildings include the Guggenheim Museum in Spain, the Walt Disney Hall in Los Angeles, and the Dancing House in Prague. 

Frank Gehry

Frank Lloyd Wright - Wright was the creator of the Prairie House architectural style and one of the most celebrated architects in the world. Some of his most famous works include the Falling Water House, the Robbie House, and the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo. 

Frank Lloyd Wright 

Le Corbusier - Corbusier was one of the pioneers of modern architecture. Some of his buildings include Villa Savoye, Notre Dame Du Haut, and the United Nations Headquarters in New York, paved the way for the modern architecture we know today.

Le Corbusier

Antoni Gaudi - Gaudi had a unique style that made him stand out from his peers. He also took a different approach to designing his buildings, preferring to work in 3D models as opposed to drawing the plans of the buildings he intended to build. Some of his work includes the Segrada Familia, Casa Mila, Park Guell, and Casa Battlo. 

Antoni Gaudi 

Walter Gropius - Gropius was one of the founding fathers of modernism, and the mind behind the Bauhaus. Some of his buildings include the Fagus Factory, the MetLife building, the Gropius House, and the US Embassy in Athens.

Walter Gropius

Renzo Piano - Piano is an architect without a signature style. However, his buildings are all as masterful as they are diverse. Some of them include the Shard in London, the Whitney Museum in New York, and the Menil Collection in Texas. 

Renzo Piano

Daniel Libeskind - Libeskind is a master of deconstructivism and distortion. Some of his most striking works include London’s Imperial War Museum, Denver Art Museum, Bord Gais Energy Theatre in Dublin, and the Contemporary Jewish Museum in San Fransisco. 

Daniel Libeskind 

↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔

 Thank you 

Writer: Pankaj Sonwane.

Bibliography:

 1) Photos and figures from google photos.

 2) Information from books.

Vernacular Architecture (Kerala)

The Incredible Kerala

(Vernacular Architecture)

Kerala Architecture is one of the most exciting examples of preservation of vernacular style.

Introduction: 
The evolution of domestic architecture of Kerala followed closely  the trends of development in temples architecture. The primitive models of circular , square or rectangular plain shapes with a ribbed roof evolved from functional  consideration.

(Traditional house)

The climate of Kerala greatly influenced the traditional architecture. The natural building materials available for construction in Kerala i.e. stone, timber, clay, and palm leaves have anchored and guided the acceptance or rejection of outside influences. Vernacular architecture is an architectural style that design  based on  local needs, availability of construction materials and reflecting local traditions .

(Design of house)

                                                              

Influence of climate: 

Kerala has a warm humid climate. The rainfall is very heavy from south west and north east monsoons. Kerala receives an average annual rainfall of 3107 mm. This compares to the all-India average is 1,197 mm. In summer, most of Kerala is prone to gale-force winds, storm surges, and torrential downpours accompanying dangerous cyclones coming from the Indian Ocean. 

Kerala's average maximum daily temperature is around 37 °C and the minimum temperature is 19.8 °C. To keep the rain and sun away form the walls the roofs of the building come down very low. They have verandah all round the building protecting the external walls from sun and rain. They also have an internal courtyard for better flow of air. 

Geography:
Kerala is situated between the Arabian Sea to the west and the Western Ghats to the east. It lies between northern latitude of 8°.17'.30" N and 12°. 47'.40" N and east longitudes 74°.27'47" E and 77°.37'.12" E.

Kerala roughly divides into three climatically distinct regions. These include the eastern highlands (rugged and cool mountainous terrain), the central midlands (rolling hills), and the western lowlands (coastal plains). The topography consists of a hot and wet coastal plain gradually rising in elevation to the high hills and mountains of the Western Ghats. 

Roofing system:

The ridged roof pitched at angles between 30 degree to 40 degree. The roof with intricately carved gables protruding from the roof with overhangs supported by wooden brackets. The roof is prefabricated that is different members are fixed on the ground and assembled at the top.

(Types of roofs)

No nails are used. The roof kept in position by interlocking with the hole in the rafters. Walls made of timber or earth and roof of coconut leaves or tiles are common in many parts of Kerala. Structurally the roof frame was supported on the pillars on walls erected on a plinth raised from the ground for protection against dampness and insects in the tropical climate. 

(Details of roof)

Building materials:

Timber remains the prime structural material abundantly available in Kerala, in many varieties – form bamboo to teak and rosewood. The skillful choice of timber, artful assembly and delicate carving of wood work for columns, walls and roofs frames are the unique characteristics of Kerala architecture, using accurate fit of joints. 

Clay was used in many forms – for walling, in filling the timber floors and making bricks and tiles after firing in kilns, tempered with admixtures. Palm leaves are still used effectively for thatching the roofs and for making partition walls and along with mud. The natural building materials available for construction in Kerala are stones, timber, clay and palm leaves.

The availability of granite – a strong and durable building stone is restricted mainly to the highlands and marginally to some hilly zones. Accordingly, the skill quarry, dressing and sculpturing of stone is scarce in Kerala. Laterite stone however, is abundantly found. Soft laterite available at shallow depth can be easily cut, dressed and used as building blocks. It is a local stone that gets stronger and durable with exposure to the atmosphere. 

Block of this stone may be bounded in mortars of shell lime, the classic binding material used in traditional buildings. Lime mortar can be improved in strength and performance by admixtures of vegetable juices . Such enriched mortars were utilized for  plastering and low relief work.

Examples:

Bamboo, leaves, mud and natural materials used.

Coconut palm leaves, timber and mud wall used as a building materials.

Conclusion:

1) Understanding about the vernacular architecture of a particular region would gives us an insight on how architecture can function in perfect harmony with nature.

2) The climate responsive architecture helps in maintaining indoor environmental quality and also provides us with some infallible methods and techniques of maintaining human comfort conditions.

3) These techniques when integrated with current technologies can help in providing maximum comfort to occupants with minimum use of energy.

↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔

 Thank you 

Writer: Pankaj Sonwane.

Bibliography:

 1) Photos and figures from google photos.

 2) Information from books.