Middle Ages and Islamic architecture

Islamic architecture

Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent.

Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem.

Taj Mahal in Agra, India.

Alhambra, Granada, Spain.

Sultan Ahmed Mosque in Istanbul.

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Middle Ages

In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason, or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents.

Notre Dame de Paris, France.

The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic.

Notre Dame de Paris, France.

Notre Dame de Paris, France.

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 Thank you 

Writer: Pankaj Sonwane.

Bibliography:

 1) Photos from google photos.

 2) Information from books.

Asian architecture

Asian architecture

Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India; Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lankaand Araniko of Nepal .

The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.

Gyeongbokgung Palace in Seoul, South Korea.

Kinkaku-ji (Golden Pavilion), Kyoto, Japan.

The Great Red Gate at the Ming Tombs near Beijing, China.

Bahay na Bato houses in Philippines.

the view of Janaki mandir, Nepal.

Most Asian architecture was influenced by ancient religions, with influences from Hinduism and Buddhism becoming evident. Temples and worship sites incorporate or heavily focus on the influences of nature, even being carved as tunnels out of mountainsides.

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Ancient architecture

Ancient architecture

In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself.

The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural "style" developed in the form of the Classical orders. Roman architecture was influenced by Greek architecture as they incorporated many Greek elements into their building practices.


Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are religious.

The Great Pyramids at Giza in Egypt.

The Parthenon in Athens, Greece.

Roman aqueduct in Segovia, Spain.

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Architecture as Career

Introduction

Architecture is a social art and a discipline which requires adequate knowledge of four major areas of human endeavor ; humanity, Art, Engineering science and Technology actually putting into practice. 

Today it is recognized as an intellectual profession in which architects design buildings of all kinds in most efficient, economic and beautiful way direct their construction for the society. Their contribution in shaping of environment and society in diverse range of situations, both in urban and rural contexts, is well identified. As matter of fact architects are the first people who conceive form and utility of the buildings in their minds and papers and later construction of those buildings is carried out by the contractors under their directions. 

Although many other professionals like engineers, surveyors and landscape architects contribute in design and construction of those buildings, yet architects are required to possess high qualities of an artist , a technocrat ,a businessman and a  team leader and they should  be able to co-ordinate to the work  of other technical specialists who also contribute their specialized knowledge to the planning  and construction of buildings. 

They should also be able to deal with the clients, contractors, material suppliers and landing institutions in their every day activities. Over and above they should be expert of construction and building materials with exposure to building codes, zoning laws, fire regulations and local bye-laws safety ordinances etc.

Architecture , therefore , is a creative and exciting career and it has long exercised fascination for those who have creative and analytical bent of mind as a career it equally suits to both boys and girls who have capabilities and aptitude to become an  architect and wish to acquire sound knowledge of all aspects of modern building technology , project management and execution. 

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Basic knowledge

                                                                  Architecture

                                                                                  

Architecture is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings or any other structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art.

⇪ Let's see few questions about architecture :-

1)What architecture is all about?
⇨Architecture is the art, the science and the business of building. Architects create homes, office towers, schools and churches. They are talented people with a flair for design, an awareness of social trends, keen business sense, solid engineering skills and an understanding of the law.

2)What subjects do you need to do to be an architect?
⇨Applicants should have a strong background in math, including algebra, trigonometry and calculus. High school students may also consider taking courses in physics, design, and drafting to become familiar with core concepts and practices. Architecture schools tend to base acceptance on grades and completed coursework.

3)What is the work of architecture?
⇨Architects spend much of their time in offices, where they meet with clients, develop reports and drawings, and work with other architects and engineers. They also visit construction sites to ensure clients' objectives are met and to review the progress of projects. Some architects work from home offices.

4)What are the skills needed to be an architect?
⇨You'll need:
design and drawing skills.
a methodical, logical approach.
analytical skills.
excellent maths skills.
communication and negotiating skills.
IT skills.

5)What jobs can you get with an architecture degree?
⇨Jobs where your degree would be useful include:
Building surveyor.
Commercial/residential surveyor.
Construction manager.
Higher education lecturer.
Historic buildings inspector/conservation officer.
Landscape architect.
Planning and development surveyor.
Production designer, theatre/television/film.

6)What qualifications are needed for an architect?
⇨You will also need two years of professional experience as a trainee architect or architect's assistant. To take a recognised degree you will need: five GCSEs A*- C including English, maths and science and three A levels. Some universities prefer a maths or a science subject.

7)How do you become an architecture?
⇨The 5 Steps to Becoming an Architect
1.Meet education requirements. In most jurisdictions, you have to earn a professional degree from a NAAB-accredited program—a Bachelor of Architecture (B.Arch), Master of Architecture (M.Arch), or a Doctor of Architecture (D. Arch).
2.Earn experience. 
3.Pass the ARE. 
4.Apply for licensure. 
5.Get NCARB Certified.

8)Do architects get paid well?
⇨Salary Information. According to the India, the median annual salary for architects  is 8 lakh year . The top ten percent of architects made 50 lakh or more, while the bottom ten percent of architects earned  5 lakh or less.

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